Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is its effect on bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); it increases bone resorption by activating osteoclasts.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture that is healing. Which of the following correctly lists the four stages of bone fracture repair in order?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Question 3

Which of the following best describes Wolff's Law?

Accepted Answer

Bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed, becoming stronger with increased stress.

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, which structure forms first and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Primary ossification center; it initiates bone formation in the diaphysis.

Question 5

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion and is classified as a diarthrosis?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 6

A muscle fiber is observed to have a high number of mitochondria, red color, and is resistant to fatigue. Which type of muscle fiber is this?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fiber

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from anaerobic glycolysis of one molecule of glucose in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

$$2 	imes ATP$$

Question 8

A patient is experiencing muscle fatigue after repeated contractions. Which of the following is the most likely physiological cause?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of lactic acid and depletion of ATP in muscle fibers

Question 9

Which connective tissue layer surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Endomysium

Question 10

During muscle contraction, which event occurs first at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the motor end plate

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Concentric contractions shorten the muscle as it generates force, while eccentric contractions lengthen the muscle as it resists force.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the synovial capsule in a diarthrotic joint?

Accepted Answer

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint

Question 13

A muscle is attached to bone at two points: the origin and the insertion. Which statement is correct regarding these attachments?

Accepted Answer

The insertion is typically more distal and moves during contraction.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions ($$Ca^{2+}) in $$muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose binding sites on actin.

Question 15

Which of the following is a side effect of anabolic steroid use on muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of tendon rupture

Question 16

A myogram shows three distinct periods during a muscle twitch. Which period corresponds to the time when cross-bridges are actively cycling and the muscle is generating tension?

Accepted Answer

Contraction period

Question 17

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between force ($$F$$), cross-sectional area ($$A$$), and stress ($$\sigma) in $$muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

$$\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Increase in the size of existing muscle fibers due to repeated stimulation and protein synthesis

Question 19

Which type of joint is found between the vertebrae and allows limited movement?

Accepted Answer

Symphysis (amphiarthrosis)

Question 20

A patient is unable to produce sufficient acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. What is the most likely effect on muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction will be impaired due to lack of stimulation.

Musculoskeletal System: Bones, Joints, and Muscle Tissue Study Guide

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

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