$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS.

Question 2

A patient suffers damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Motor control of skeletal muscles.

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for stimulating muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 4

During an action potential, which ion's movement is responsible for the depolarization phase?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions ($$Na^+) $$moving into the cell

Question 5

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the sense of smell?

Accepted Answer

Olfactory nerve (I)

Question 6

A patient presents with loss of sensation in the skin over the lateral forearm. Which nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Musculocutaneous nerve

Question 7

Which of the following best explains the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division increases heart rate; parasympathetic division decreases heart rate.

Question 8

Which structure in the eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering the pupil?

Accepted Answer

Iris

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Forming myelin sheaths

Question 10

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 11

A patient is unable to move their right arm and has lost sensation in the right hand. Which part of the brain is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Left primary motor cortex

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the cochlea in the ear?

Accepted Answer

It contains the spiral organ responsible for hearing.

Question 13

Which of the following is the only special sense that is not fully functional from birth?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It prevents harmful substances from entering the brain while allowing essential nutrients to pass.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence for a typical reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Integration center → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelinated axons allow saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 17

Which of the following cranial nerves is associated with both sensory and motor functions in the face?

Accepted Answer

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the limbic system?

Accepted Answer

Control of emotions and memory

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of rods in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Vision in dim light and detection of movement

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic taste sensations?

Accepted Answer

Spicy

Nervous System and Special Senses: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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