Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\mathrm{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\mathrm{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Q: Which equation describes the change in membrane potential during depolarization if $$Na^+$$ ions move into the cell?

$$\Delta V = V_{\text{final}} - V_{\text{initial}}$$, where $$V_{\text{final}} \u003e V_{\text{initial}}$$

Question 1

Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 2

A patient presents with demyelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which cell type is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Question 3

Which structure in a neuron is responsible for initiating the action potential?

Accepted Answer

Axon hillock

Question 4

During embryonic development, the neural plate folds to form which structure that eventually becomes the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Neural tube

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Accepted Answer

It restricts passage of certain substances from the blood into the CNS.

Question 6

If the resting membrane potential of a neuron is $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}$$, what happens when the membrane potential reaches threshold?

Accepted Answer

The neuron fires an action potential.

Question 7

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\mathrm{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[\mathrm{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the propagation of action potentials in myelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, a process called saltatory conduction.

Question 9

A neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Which neurotransmitter is responsible for stimulating skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 10

Which layer of the developing neural tube is responsible for forming the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Mantle layer

Question 11

A patient has lost sensation in the skin over the lateral thigh. Which plexus is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Lumbar plexus

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They provide nutrients and maintain the blood-brain barrier.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for a simple spinal reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the dorsal root ganglion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Question 15

Which equation describes the change in membrane potential during depolarization if $$Na^+$$ ions move into the cell?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta V = V_{	ext{final}} - V_{	ext{initial}}$$, where $$V_{	ext{final}} \u003e V_{	ext{initial}}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the ependymal cells in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Producing cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

A lesion in the ventral horn of the spinal cord would most likely affect which function?

Accepted Answer

Motor output to skeletal muscles

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why white matter appears white in myelin-stained sections?

Accepted Answer

It is composed primarily of myelinated axons.

Question 19

Which spinal cord tract carries sensory information about pain and temperature to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Spinothalamic tract

Question 20

A patient has difficulty with voluntary motor control in the limbs. Which spinal cord region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Lateral columns

Nervous System I: Embryology and Early Development of the Spinal Cord

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