Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3$$ sodium ions out and $$2$$ potassium ions in, helping maintain the resting membrane potential.

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation on the right side of the body and loss of motor function on the left. Which spinal cord tract is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Lateral corticospinal tract (crossed)

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released at adrenergic synapses in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the axon hillock is the site of action potential initiation?

Accepted Answer

It contains the highest density of voltage-gated sodium channels.

Question 5

Which equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for a single ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 6

A patient is unable to feel vibration and fine touch on the left side of the body. Which pathway is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It is formed by astrocytes and tight junctions between endothelial cells.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between white matter and gray matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

White matter contains myelinated axons, while gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of body temperature and hormone release

Question 10

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial sensation and chewing?

Accepted Answer

Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing conduction speed.

Question 12

Which of the following is a demyelinating disorder that affects the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 13

Which equation describes Ohm's Law as it applies to neuronal membrane currents?

Accepted Answer

$$V = IR$$

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about the medulla oblongata?

Accepted Answer

It contains centers for regulating heart rate and respiration.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of Schwann cells?

Accepted Answer

They myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 16

A patient has difficulty with balance and coordination. Which brain region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of graded potentials?

Accepted Answer

They can summate and vary in amplitude depending on stimulus strength.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the stretch reflex?

Accepted Answer

It is a monosynaptic reflex involving direct communication between sensory and motor neurons.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the Gate Control Theory of pain?

Accepted Answer

Non-painful input closes the 'gates' to painful input, preventing pain sensation from traveling to the CNS.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the corpus callosum?

Accepted Answer

It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between them.

Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Disorders – Study Guide

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