Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between compact and spongy bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found mainly at the epiphyses.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the distal radius after falling on an outstretched hand. Which type of fracture is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Colles fracture

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; stimulates osteoclast activity

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, what is the significance of the primary ossification center?

Accepted Answer

It is where cartilage is first converted to bone in the diaphysis.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why osteoporosis is more common in postmenopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen leads to increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption.

Question 6

A patient with a spinal curvature that results in an exaggerated thoracic curve is diagnosed with:

Accepted Answer

Kyphosis

Question 7

Which of the following synovial joint types allows for the greatest range of motion?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 8

Which glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 9

A neuron’s resting membrane potential is maintained primarily by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

The sodium-potassium pump, which moves 3 Na$$^+$$ out and 2 K$$^+ in $$per ATP hydrolyzed: $$3\ \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} : 2\ \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$$

Question 10

Which event occurs first during the generation of an action potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na$$^+$$ channels open, causing rapid depolarization

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between EPSPs and IPSPs?

Accepted Answer

EPSPs cause depolarization, often by Na$$^+$$ influx; IPSPs cause hyperpolarization, often by Cl$$^-$$ influx or K$$^+$$ efflux.

Question 12

A patient suffers a stroke affecting Broca’s area. Which deficit is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty producing speech (expressive aphasia)

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier in saltatory conduction.

Question 14

Which brain structure acts as a relay station for sensory information (except olfaction) to the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Thalamus

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

A patient with poliomyelitis is most likely to have destruction of which region of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Anterior (ventral) gray horns

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

The axon distal to the injury degenerates, and Schwann cells help guide regrowth.

Question 18

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between temporal and spatial summation in neural integration?

Accepted Answer

Temporal summation involves repeated stimuli at one synapse; spatial summation involves simultaneous stimuli at multiple synapses.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the role of the limbic system in the brain?

Accepted Answer

It is involved in emotion, motivation, and memory formation.

Osseous Tissue, Joints, and Neural Tissue: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard