Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between afferent and efferent pathways in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

Afferent pathways carry sensory information to the CNS, while efferent pathways carry motor commands from the CNS to effectors.

Question 2

A patient presents with difficulty breathing due to paralysis of the diaphragm. Which nerve is most likely damaged, and from which plexus does it arise?

Accepted Answer

The phrenic nerve from the cervical plexus.

Question 3

Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision, and what is its classification?

Accepted Answer

Cranial Nerve II (Optic), sensory

Question 4

A person accidentally touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which type of spinal reflex is primarily responsible for this response?

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal (flexor) reflex

Question 5

Which of the following best explains reciprocal inhibition during a stretch reflex?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the antagonist muscle while the agonist contracts.

Question 6

Which type of sensory receptor does NOT adapt to a constant stimulus, and what is an example of such a receptor?

Accepted Answer

Nociceptors; example: pain receptors

Question 7

A patient is unable to abduct their arm at the shoulder. Which nerve from the brachial plexus is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Axillary nerve

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

Detecting rotational movements for balance

Question 9

A person with myopia has difficulty seeing distant objects clearly. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

The eyeball is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 11

Which of the following statements about adrenergic and cholinergic receptors is correct?

Accepted Answer

Adrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine and epinephrine, while cholinergic receptors bind acetylcholine.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between short and long visceral reflexes in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Long reflexes involve the CNS and two motor neurons, while short reflexes bypass the CNS and synapse within autonomic ganglia.

Question 13

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased digestive activity. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone regulated by a humoral stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Release of insulin in response to increased blood glucose levels

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why lower amounts of an amino-acid derived hormone can still be effective, but not for a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Amino-acid derived hormones use second messengers, which amplify the signal.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes up-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

An increase in the number of receptors in response to low hormone levels

Question 17

A patient with damage to the hypophyseal portal system would most likely have impaired communication between which two structures?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 18

Which of the following is a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Question 19

A patient with hypersecretion of insulin is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms, and why? Use the following formula for blood glucose regulation: $$ \Delta G = G_{in} - G_{out} $$, where $$ \Delta G  is $$the change in blood glucose, $$ G_{in}  is $$glucose input, and $$ G_{out}  is $$glucose uptake by cells.

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia, because $$ G_{out} $$ increases

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of communication and response time?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses neurotransmitters for rapid, short-lived responses; the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting responses.

Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, and Endocrine System: Study Guide

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