$$\text{Flow} = \dfrac{\text{Pressure}}{\text{Resistance}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste

Question 2

A patient is experiencing vasodilation in peripheral blood vessels. What is the most likely physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in blood pressure

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Flow} = \dfrac{	ext{Pressure}}{	ext{Resistance}}$$

Question 4

During exercise, skeletal muscle contraction helps increase venous return to the heart. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle pump

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Alveoli increase surface area and decrease diffusion distance for gas exchange

Question 6

A patient with chronic hyperventilation is likely to develop which of the following acid-base imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 7

Which process in the nephron is responsible for concentrating urine by reabsorbing water?

Accepted Answer

Loop of Henle function

Question 8

Which of the following ions initiates contraction in muscle fibers during excitation-contraction coupling?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$	ext{Ca}^{2+})$$

Question 9

A patient is dehydrated after excessive alcohol consumption. Which mechanism best explains this effect?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol inhibits ADH, reducing water reabsorption in the nephron

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood?

Accepted Answer

RBCs transport oxygen via hemoglobin

Question 11

Which of the following structures acts as a reservoir and relies on valves and skeletal muscle pump for blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Veins

Question 12

A patient with impaired kidney function is unable to excrete enough $$	ext{H}^+$$ ions. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why pleural fluid is important in the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

It reduces friction and helps lungs adhere to the chest wall

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Blood cells and large proteins stay in the blood; filtrate enters nephron

Question 16

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Mesangial cells and juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the diaphragm in ventilation mechanics?

Accepted Answer

It contracts to increase thoracic volume and decrease pressure

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence for blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

Calcium influx triggers contraction

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a low $$	ext{pO}_2$$ environment. Which integrated system response helps regulate homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems increase oxygen delivery

Physiology Exam Study Guide found on Moodle exam 3 old study guide

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