Glucose is absorbed via cotransport with Na\textsuperscript{+} ions and facilitated diffusion.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)?

Accepted Answer

It digests and absorbs food.

Question 2

Which accessory digestive organ is responsible for producing bile, which emulsifies fats in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 3

During the process of peristalsis, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Food is moved from one region of the digestive system to another by waves of muscular contraction.

Question 4

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the initial chemical digestion of starch in the mouth?

Accepted Answer

Salivary amylase

Question 5

A patient presents with yellowish skin due to bile pigment deposition. Which condition is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive jaundice

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why fat-laden chyme remains in the stomach longer than carbohydrate-rich chyme?

Accepted Answer

Fats are digested more slowly, causing delayed gastric emptying.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of layers (tunics) from the lumen outward in the wall of the alimentary canal?

Accepted Answer

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Question 8

A patient with a Helicobacter pylori infection is at increased risk for which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Gastric ulcers

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax, allowing bile to enter the duodenum?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the absorption of glucose in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is absorbed via cotransport with Na	extsuperscript{+} ions and facilitated diffusion.

Question 11

A patient has impaired nutrient absorption due to damage to the intestinal villi. Which condition is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Adult celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system (ENS) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ENS consists of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, regulating motility and secretion.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of bile salts in the digestive process?

Accepted Answer

They emulsify fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the stomach does not digest itself under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

A thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus and tight junctions between epithelial cells protect the stomach lining.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of segmentation in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

It mixes chyme with digestive juices by rhythmic local contractions.

Question 16

A patient is unable to absorb vitamin B	extsubscript{12} due to a lack of intrinsic factor. Which gastric cell type is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parietal (oxyntic) cells

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the fate of most dietary fats after absorption in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system via lacteals.

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the activation of pepsinogen in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Pepsinogen} + 	ext{HCl} ightarrow 	ext{Pepsin}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the role of the gastrocolic reflex?

Accepted Answer

It initiates mass movements in the colon in response to food entering the stomach.

Question 20

A patient with a history of low-fiber diet develops small herniations of the mucosa through the colon wall. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Diverticulosis

Physiology of the Digestive System: Anatomy & Function

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