Question 1

During which stage of prenatal development does organogenesis primarily occur, and what is the significance of this process?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic period; it is when rudimentary versions of organs appear and organogenesis begins.

Question 2

Which hormone is secreted after implantation to maintain the corpus luteum and support early pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 3

A patient is experiencing irregular, non-progressive contractions late in pregnancy. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Braxton-Hicks contractions (false labor)

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the process of cleavage during early embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Rapid mitotic divisions increase cell number without increasing overall size.

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of events during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Corona radiata penetration, zona pellucida penetration, fusion of sperm and oocyte

Question 6

Which fetal membrane contributes to the formation of the placenta and is essential for nutrient and gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Chorion

Question 7

A newborn's first breath expands the lungs. Which system is primarily affected by this adjustment?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory system

Question 8

During the last two months of the fetal period, which two major changes occur?

Accepted Answer

Rapid weight gain and lung maturation

Question 9

Which pattern of inheritance results in both alleles being fully expressed, such as in the ABO blood type?

Accepted Answer

Codominance

Question 10

A woman in labor has a cervix dilated to 10 cm and her amniotic sac has ruptured. Which stage of labor is she experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Dilation stage

Question 11

Which hormone is responsible for preparing the body for labor and milk ejection?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 12

If a trait is carried on the X chromosome, such as color blindness, what pattern of inheritance does this represent?

Accepted Answer

X-linked inheritance

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the restoration of the diploid chromosome number during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

$$ n + n = 2n $$

Question 14

A genetic trait is influenced by multiple genes, such as height or skin color. What is this pattern of inheritance called?

Accepted Answer

Polygenic inheritance

Question 15

Which adjustment in the maternal cardiovascular system occurs during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Blood volume increases by 50%.

Question 16

During embryonic development, which germ layer gives rise to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary linings?

Accepted Answer

Endoderm

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the placenta?

Accepted Answer

Transmits maternal antibodies, exchanges nutrients/gases, and secretes hormones

Question 18

A newborn passes meconium shortly after birth. Which system is involved in this adjustment?

Accepted Answer

Digestive system

Question 19

Which hormone drop after birth is associated with mood swings and increased risk of postpartum depression?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 20

A baby is pushed out of the birth canal during which stage of labor?

Accepted Answer

Expulsion stage

Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Human Genetics: Study Notes

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