$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The copying of a DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase.

Question 2

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the codons on mRNA?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 3

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from ATG to ATA. What effect will this have on protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It may change the amino acid sequence, potentially altering protein function.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$J = L_p (\Delta \pi)$$

Question 5

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP and is often referred to as the 'power plant' of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 6

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will gain water and swell.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is selectively permeable, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 8

Which equation best represents the Nernst potential for an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about active transport is correct?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Question 10

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the lysosomal enzyme responsible for breaking down glycolipids. Which disease is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of ATP

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptides.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses carrier or channel proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient.

Question 14

Which statement best explains why the inside of the plasma membrane is negative relative to the outside?

Accepted Answer

The movement of ions creates unequal concentrations, with more negative ions inside.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of genetic information in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$\rightarrow$$ RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Protein

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and enabling cell movement

Question 17

A cell is actively secreting large amounts of protein. Which organelle would you expect to be highly developed in this cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Question 19

Which equation best represents the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$$

Question 20

Which statement about the sodium-potassium pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na$$^+$$ ions out of the cell and 2 K$$^+$$ ions into the cell, using ATP.

Protein Synthesis, Cell Structure, and Membrane Transport: Core Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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