Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The copying of a DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase.

Question 2

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 3

A mutation changes the DNA codon from $$\mathrm{AUG} to$$ $$\mathrm{AUA}. $$What is the most likely effect on protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Methionine will be replaced by isoleucine at the start of the protein.

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 5

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will gain water and swell.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is described as 'selectively permeable'?

Accepted Answer

It allows some substances to pass while restricting others based on size, charge, or solubility.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion.

Question 8

A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents the formation of lysosomal enzymes. Which cellular process will be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptides.

Question 10

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 11

If a cell's sodium-potassium pump is inhibited, which of the following will most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

The cell will accumulate excess sodium ions inside.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is correct?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Question 14

A cell is actively transporting glucose against its concentration gradient. Which equation best represents the energy requirement for this process?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G \u003e 0$$

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na$$^+$$ ions out of the cell and 2 K$$^+$$ ions into the cell, using ATP.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the role of exocytosis in cellular function?

Accepted Answer

It enables the cell to release large molecules, such as proteins, into the extracellular space.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of cytoskeleton microtubules?

Accepted Answer

They provide a rigid framework for the cell and are involved in cell division.

Question 19

During translation, what is the role of the anticodon on tRNA?

Accepted Answer

It pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why water moves across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Water moves to dilute the higher concentration of solute, achieving equilibrium.

Protein Synthesis, Cell Structure, and Membrane Transport: Core Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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