Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of Type II alveolar cells in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant.

Question 2

A patient presents with chronic cough and mucus production for over three months in two consecutive years. Which pulmonary disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Chronic bronchitis

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is a major consequence of cigarette smoking on alveolar structure?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to fewer, larger alveoli

Question 5

A coal worker develops inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs due to inhalation of small particles. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Anthracosis (coal worker's pneumoconiosis)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the effect of 2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-BPG) on hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

It decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading.

Question 7

During heavy exercise, which of the following is most likely to occur in active muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH and increased oxygen unloading

Question 8

Which of the following is the primary mechanism for mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Mucus traps particles and cilia transport mucus toward the pharynx

Question 9

A patient with cystic fibrosis has thick mucus in the lungs. Which genetic defect is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Mutation in the CFTR gene affecting chloride secretion

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of low partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) on $$pulmonary arterioles?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary arterioles constrict to redirect blood flow to better-ventilated areas.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating total pressure of a gas mixture?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{total} = P_{O_2$} + P_{CO_2$} + P_{N_2$}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of restrictive lung disorders compared to obstructive lung disorders?

Accepted Answer

Reduced vital capacity with normal FEV

Question 13

A patient exposed to high atmospheric pressure during diving develops joint pain and confusion upon rapid ascent. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Decompression sickness (the bends) due to nitrogen bubbles

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect in hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH lowers hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading.

Question 15

Which of the following is the primary function of the pneumotaxic center in the pons?

Accepted Answer

Antagonizes the apneustic center to regulate breathing rhythm

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?

Accepted Answer

It has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.

Question 17

A patient with sickle cell anemia has a substitution of which amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Glutamic acid replaced by valine at position 6

Question 18

Which of the following is the most common change detected by carotid bodies during respiration?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in blood $$P_{O_2$}$$ below 70 mmHg

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of airflow through the respiratory tree?

Accepted Answer

Extrapulmonary bronchi → Intrapulmonary bronchi → Large/Primary bronchi → Terminal bronchioles → Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveolar sacs

Pulmonary System: Structure, Function, and Diseases

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard