Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of pancreatic alpha ($$\alpha) $$cells?

Accepted Answer

They release glucagon to increase blood glucose levels during the fasted state.

Question 2

Glucagon and insulin are considered antagonistic hormones because:

Accepted Answer

They have opposite effects on blood glucose levels.

Question 3

During the fasted state, which process is primarily stimulated by glucagon?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 4

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback regulation of blood glucose by insulin?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta [Glucose] = [Glucose]_{after~meal} - [Glucose]_{set~point}$$

Question 5

A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta ($$\beta) $$cells

Question 6

Which of the following is a direct consequence of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Decreased glucose uptake and hyperglycemia

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why exercise is an effective treatment for insulin resistance?

Accepted Answer

Exercise stimulates a pool of GLUT4 transporters independent of insulin.

Question 8

A person with untreated diabetes mellitus is likely to have which of the following symptoms due to osmotic diuresis?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria (excessive urination)

Question 9

Which of the following processes is stimulated by insulin in the fed state?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenesis

Question 10

If blood glucose levels exceed the renal transport maximum ($$T_{m}$$), which of the following will occur?

Accepted Answer

Glucose will appear in the urine (glycosuria).

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by pinealocytes and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 12

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Polyphagia (excessive hunger)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperinsulinism?

Accepted Answer

It leads to hypoglycemia and triggers secretion of hyperglycemic hormones.

Question 14

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between insulin and blood glucose in the fed state?

Accepted Answer

$$Insulin \uparrow \Rightarrow [Glucose]_{blood} \downarrow$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Question 16

Which process is most likely to occur in untreated diabetes mellitus due to lack of cellular glucose uptake?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis and ketone formation

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system initiates responses slowly and acts over long distances.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of light on melatonin secretion?

Accepted Answer

Light inhibits melatonin secretion, reducing drowsiness.

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary function of insulin in adipose tissue during the fed state?

Accepted Answer

Promote glucose uptake and conversion to fat (lipogenesis)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of glucagon on the liver during the fasted state?

Accepted Answer

Promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose

Regulation of Blood Glucose: Pancreatic Hormones and Homeostasis

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