Question 1

Which of the following best describes skeletal muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

An increase in muscle fiber diameter due to greater protein synthesis than degradation.

Question 2

During muscle atrophy, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis.

Question 3

Which scenario is most likely to result in skeletal muscle atrophy?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged bed rest following surgery.

Question 4

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for increasing muscle mass in humans?

Accepted Answer

Activation of myosatellite cells leading to fusion with existing muscle fibers.

Question 5

Which type of muscle fiber shows a greater rate of hypertrophy in response to resistance training?

Accepted Answer

Type II fibers (fast-twitch)

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a component of a skeletal muscle reflex?

Accepted Answer

Myosatellite cells

Question 7

What is the primary function of muscle spindles?

Accepted Answer

Provide information about muscle length and changes in length.

Question 8

Which equation best represents the relationship for muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

$$Protein\ Synthesis \u003e Protein\ Degradation$$

Question 9

A patient experiences muscle wasting after being immobilized for several weeks. Which physiological process is most responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Increased protein degradation relative to synthesis.

Question 10

Which structure in the muscle is responsible for detecting tension and preventing muscle damage?

Accepted Answer

Golgi tendon organ

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of gamma motor neurons in muscle spindle function?

Accepted Answer

They adjust the sensitivity of muscle spindles by innervating intrafusal fibers.

Question 12

Which reflex is responsible for pulling a limb away from a painful stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal (flexor) reflex

Question 13

What is the main difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are striated and have intercalated disks.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

It is less abundant than in skeletal muscle.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cells require extracellular calcium for contraction?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells have smaller amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 16

A patient with ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is likely to experience which of the following muscle changes?

Accepted Answer

Muscle atrophy due to denervation.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the components of a monosynaptic reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Sensory receptor → Integrating center → Efferent neuron → Effector

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They electrically and mechanically connect cardiac myocytes.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of muscle atrophy experienced by astronauts during spaceflight?

Accepted Answer

Up to 20% loss of muscle mass after 5-11 days in microgravity.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of proprioceptors in skeletal muscle reflexes?

Accepted Answer

They provide information about the position and movement of joints and muscle tension.

Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle: Structure, Hypertrophy/Atrophy, and Reflexes

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