$$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$_{blood}} \uparrow$$ \,\text{(PTH stimulates osteoclasts to release Ca}^{2+}\text{ into blood)}$

Question 1

Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Elastic cartilage; maintains shape while allowing flexibility

Question 2

A patient presents with bowed legs and X-rays reveal poorly mineralized epiphyseal plates. Which bone disorder is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Rickets

Question 3

Which bone cell type is responsible for breaking down bone matrix during bone remodeling, and what is its origin?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts; derived from hematopoietic stem cells

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, which of the following sequences correctly describes the steps involved?

Accepted Answer

Bone collar forms around diaphysis → Cartilage calcifies and develops cavities → Periosteal bud invades → Epiphyses ossify, leaving epiphyseal plates

Question 5

According to Wolff's Law, how does bone adapt to mechanical stress?

Accepted Answer

Bone grows and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses placed upon it

Question 6

Which joint type is classified as diarthrosis and is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity enclosed by a capsule?

Accepted Answer

Synovial joint

Question 7

A patient suffers a fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces. Which fracture type best describes this injury?

Accepted Answer

Comminuted fracture

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches the muscle tissue type with its location and control?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle; walls of hollow organs; involuntary

Question 9

Which structure in skeletal muscle stores and releases $$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ for contraction?

Accepted Answer

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Question 10

During the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, what happens to the sarcomere?

Accepted Answer

Thin filaments slide toward the M line, shortening the sarcomere

Question 11

Which equation best represents the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$_{blood}} \uparrow$$ \,	ext{(PTH stimulates osteoclasts to release Ca}^{2+}	ext{ into blood)}$

Question 12

Which connective tissue covering surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Endomysium

Question 13

A patient is bitten by a tick and later develops joint inflammation. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Lyme disease

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the motor unit in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 15

Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints that helps reduce friction during movement?

Accepted Answer

Synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Question 16

Which process occurs when blood calcium levels drop below normal?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released, stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone contains osteons; spongy bone contains trabeculae aligned along stress lines

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the epiphyseal plate during bone growth?

Accepted Answer

It is a region where cartilage is replaced by bone, allowing lengthwise growth

Question 19

Which muscle contraction type involves the muscle lengthening while generating force, such as lowering a weight?

Accepted Answer

Eccentric isotonic contraction

Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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