$$\text{Total Burned Area} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \text{Area}_i$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between basal cell carcinoma and melanoma?

Accepted Answer

Basal cell carcinoma originates in the stratum basale and rarely metastasizes, while melanoma arises from melanocytes and is highly metastatic.

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that is red, painful, and blisters. Which type of burn is this, and why is it more serious than a first-degree burn?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn; it damages both the epidermis and part of the dermis, increasing risk of infection and fluid loss.

Question 3

Using the 'rule of nines,' estimate the percentage of body surface area burned if both legs (front and back) and the anterior trunk are affected.

Accepted Answer

54%

Question 4

Why are serious burns considered life threatening? Select the most accurate explanation.

Accepted Answer

They cause loss of fluids and electrolytes, increase risk of infection, and can lead to shock.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

Accepted Answer

Production of insulin

Question 6

Which bone class is best exemplified by the femur, and what is its primary structural characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Long bone; it has a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses).

Question 7

Which process is responsible for the formation of most bones below the skull, and what is the initial tissue replaced?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification; hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone.

Question 8

During long bone growth, which zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for cell division, and what is the main cell type involved?

Accepted Answer

Proliferation zone; chondrocytes

Question 9

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 10

A 25-year-old athlete increases bone density in response to weight-bearing exercise. Which principle explains this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Wolff's Law: bone grows and remodels in response to mechanical stress.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the microanatomy of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

It consists of osteons (Haversian systems) with concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.

Question 12

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of burned body surface area using the 'rule of nines'?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Total Burned Area} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} 	ext{Area}_i$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoid is secreted, and bone matrix forms.

Question 14

Which function of bone is most directly related to the maintenance of homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Mineral storage, especially calcium and phosphate

Question 15

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed weight-bearing exercise. What is the physiological basis for this recommendation?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical stress stimulates osteoblasts to increase bone formation.

Question 16

Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?

Accepted Answer

Sternum

Question 17

Which of the following best describes appositional growth in bones?

Accepted Answer

Bone increases in diameter as new bone is added to the surface by osteoblasts.

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of third-degree burns?

Accepted Answer

Loss of sensation due to destruction of nerve endings

Question 19

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass and mechanical stress according to Wolff's Law?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone Mass} \propto 	ext{Mechanical Stress}$$

Skin and Bone: Structure, Function, and Pathology Study Notes

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