Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

Accepted Answer

Antigens are foreign molecules that trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells to neutralize antigens.

Question 2

A patient with blood type AB- needs a transfusion. Which of the following blood types can safely be donated to this patient?

Accepted Answer

O-

Question 3

Which white blood cell is the first to arrive at the site of infection and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 4

Which phase of blood clotting involves the activation of factor X and the formation of prothrombinase?

Accepted Answer

Common pathway

Question 5

A patient is experiencing hemolytic anemia. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of red blood cells at a rate faster than their production

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 7

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves are open; atrioventricular valves are closed.

Question 8

Which structure in the heart initiates the electrical impulse that triggers the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 9

A patient’s EKG shows an abnormally prolonged QRS complex. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Delayed ventricular depolarization

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in cardiovascular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

They sense changes in blood pressure and send signals to the medulla to adjust heart rate and vessel diameter.

Question 11

Which vessel provides the greatest amount of resistance to blood flow and is most important in regulating blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 12

If a person is dehydrated, how will this affect capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Colloid osmotic pressure will increase, causing more fluid to be reabsorbed into the capillaries.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct description of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

The period from the beginning of one ventricular contraction to the beginning of the next.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains how elastic arteries assist in maintaining blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

They stretch during systole and recoil during diastole to maintain continuous blood flow.

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of iron-deficient anemia?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Question 16

Which of the following correctly describes the movement of fluid across capillary walls according to Starling’s forces?

Accepted Answer

Fluid movement is determined by the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the conduction pathway in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the T wave on an EKG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular repolarization

Question 19

Which of the following mechanisms is most important for returning venous blood to the heart during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the effect of liver failure on plasma protein concentration and capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Plasma protein concentration decreases, resulting in decreased colloid osmotic pressure and increased fluid loss to the interstitial space.

Study Guide: Blood, Cardiac, and Vascular Systems (Anatomy & Physiology)

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