Question 1

Which of the following is a primary function of bile in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification of fat to aid digestion

Question 2

Bilirubin is a waste product primarily excreted via which route in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Feces after processing in the liver and intestines

Question 3

Which structural feature of hepatocytes is essential for their role in bile secretion?

Accepted Answer

Polarization with an apical pole facing bile canaliculi

Question 4

A patient with cirrhosis of the liver is most likely to develop which complication due to the histological changes in the liver lobule?

Accepted Answer

Portal hypertension due to obstructed blood flow

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between the exocrine and endocrine pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine pancreas releases digestive enzymes into ducts, while endocrine pancreas releases hormones into the extracellular space

Question 6

Which enzyme produced by the exocrine pancreas is responsible for the breakdown of proteins in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Trypsin

Question 7

A patient with Type I diabetes mellitus has impaired function of which pancreatic cell type, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; decreased insulin production

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the neutralization of chyme by pancreatic bicarbonate?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^- + H^+ \rightarrow H_2O + CO_2$}$$

Question 9

Which hormone produced by the pancreas acts as a general inhibitor of both endocrine and exocrine secretion?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin

Question 10

In the gallbladder, bile is concentrated. Which of the following changes occurs in the composition of bile as it becomes concentrated?

Accepted Answer

Increase in potassium ion concentration

Question 11

Which pancreatic cell type is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels, and by which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Alpha cells; promoting glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis

Question 12

A patient presents with jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion. Which organ is primarily responsible for conjugating bilirubin before excretion?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 13

Which histological feature distinguishes the islets of Langerhans from the surrounding exocrine pancreatic tissue?

Accepted Answer

Numerous capillaries and lighter staining on HE stain

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why portal hypertension develops in cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

Proliferation of Ito cells and disordered hepatocyte arrangement obstruct blood flow

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 16

Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-amylase

Question 17

A patient with Type II diabetes mellitus may have which of the following underlying issues?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance or reduced insulin release

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of bile salts in fat digestion?

Accepted Answer

They emulsify large fat droplets into smaller ones, increasing surface area for enzyme action

Question 19

Which cell type in the pancreas inhibits both alpha and beta cell secretion via paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Delta cells

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the breakdown of heme to bilirubin?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Heme \xrightarrow{heme\ oxygenase} Biliverdin \xrightarrow{biliverdin\ reductase} Bilirubin}$$

Study Notes: Histology and Physiology of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard