Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, while operant conditioning involves associating a behaviour with its consequences.

Question 2

In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

CS: Bell; CR: Salivation

Question 3

A child is afraid of dogs after being bitten by one. Later, the child becomes afraid of all furry animals. What concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 4

Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 5

A rat receives food every time it presses a lever, but after a while, the food is no longer given. The rat eventually stops pressing the lever. What process is this?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking away chores when a child gets good grades

Question 7

A teacher praises a student for every step closer to the correct answer during a math problem. What operant conditioning technique is being used?

Accepted Answer

Shaping

Question 8

Which equation best represents the process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$Neutral\ Stimulus + Unconditioned\ Stimulus \rightarrow Unconditioned\ Response$$

Question 9

A person develops a taste aversion to sushi after getting sick hours after eating it. Which principle of classical conditioning does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Trace conditioning

Question 10

In the Bobo doll experiment, children who observed an adult acting aggressively toward the doll were more likely to imitate the behaviour. What type of learning does this demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 11

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Food

Question 12

A student studies hard for months to earn a degree, but finds it difficult to stay motivated because the reward is delayed. Which concept does this scenario illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Delayed reinforcement

Question 13

Which of the following best describes spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a rest period

Question 14

A child is given a token for every good behaviour, which can later be exchanged for a prize. What is this system called?

Accepted Answer

Token economy

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of escape learning?

Accepted Answer

A person leaves a room to avoid a loud noise

Question 16

In operant conditioning, what is the effect of punishment?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 17

Which formula best represents the relationship in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$Behaviour \rightarrow Consequence \rightarrow Change\ in\ Behaviour$$

Question 18

A person who repeatedly fails to escape an aversive situation may develop which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to result in the fastest acquisition of a new behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement

Question 20

A child observes their parent calmly interacting with a dentist and later feels less anxious about dental visits. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Study Notes on Learning: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard