$$CO = 80 \times 65 = 5200 ml/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, and hormones to and from cells

Question 2

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the heart's contractile function?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 3

Blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs via which vessel?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary trunk

Question 4

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 5

During ventricular systole, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected from the ventricles

Question 6

Which structure serves as the heart's natural pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 7

What is the correct sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 8

If a patient has a heart rate of 80 beats/min and a stroke volume of 65 ml/beat, what is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 65 = 5200 ml/$$min

Question 9

Which of the following factors would most likely increase blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased peripheral resistance

Question 10

Which vessel type is most suited for exchange of gases and nutrients with tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 11

A patient presents with a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. What condition does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure

Question 13

Which equation correctly relates blood pressure to cardiac output and peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes PR$$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body through the systemic circuit

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

Contracts to help pump blood

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result from a diet high in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of hypertension

Question 17

Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in capillary exchange?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis through the tunica media

Question 19

A patient with bradycardia would have which of the following heart rates?

Accepted Answer

Less than 60 beats per minute

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It drains digestive organs and carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver for processing

The Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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