Q: If a patient’s end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) is 140 mL $$and end-systolic volume ($$ESV) is 60 mL$$, what is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

$$SV = 140\,\text{mL} - 60\,\text{mL} = 80\,\text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It anchors the heart in the mediastinum and prevents overdistension of the heart.

Question 2

A patient presents with a heart murmur due to mitral valve prolapse. Which chamber of the heart is most directly affected by this condition?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle

Question 3

Which of the following correctly traces the path of deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Inferior vena cava $$\rightarrow$$ right atrium $$\rightarrow$$ tricuspid valve $$\rightarrow$$ right ventricle $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary semilunar valve $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary trunk $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary arteries

Question 4

Which structure is responsible for establishing the normal sinus rhythm of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 5

A blockage in the left anterior interventricular artery would most likely result in which clinical condition?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 7

During the cardiac cycle, which event immediately follows passive ventricular filling?

Accepted Answer

Atrial contraction

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling principle?

Accepted Answer

The more the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the stronger the contraction and the greater the stroke volume.

Question 9

A patient is given a beta-blocker medication. What is the expected effect on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and contractility

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 11

Which heart sound (S1 or S2) is associated with the closure of the atrioventricular valves?

Accepted Answer

S1 (LUBB)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They allow rapid transmission of action potentials between cardiac muscle cells.

Question 13

A patient with coronary artery disease (CAD) experiences chest pain during exertion. What is the most likely cause of this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Coronary ischemia leading to angina pectoris

Question 14

Which of the following ions is primarily responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 15

If a patient’s end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) is 140 mL $$and end-systolic volume ($$ESV) is 60 mL$$, what is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 140\,	ext{mL} - 60\,	ext{mL} = 80\,	ext{mL}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of the Bainbridge reflex?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate in response to increased venous return

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct result of activation of the cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate via sympathetic stimulation

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why atrial repolarization is not visible on a standard ECG?

Accepted Answer

It occurs at the same time as the QRS complex and is masked by it.

Question 19

A patient has a heart rate of 75 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 75 	imes 70 = 5250\,	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

They supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

The Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Structure, Function, and Physiology

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