Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid molecule in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A polar phosphate head and two non-polar fatty acid tails

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 3

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 4

The sodium-potassium pump moves ions across the cell membrane. For each cycle, how many sodium ions are exported and how many potassium ions are imported?

Accepted Answer

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

Question 5

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins destined for the cell membrane or for export from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

A cell is observed to engulf large particles such as bacteria by wrapping its membrane around them and forming a vesicle. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Production of cellular energy (ATP)

Question 8

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for resisting mechanical stress and linking cells together?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 9

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 10

If a DNA strand has the sequence $$5'-ATCGGTA-3'$$, what is the complementary sequence on the newly synthesized strand?

Accepted Answer

$$3'-TAGCCAT-5'$$

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules without any sugars

Question 12

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and results in the formation of which molecule?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It shuttles amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence

Question 14

A cell is observed in metaphase during mitosis. Which of the following best describes the arrangement of chromosomes at this stage?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

Question 15

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that DNA is undamaged and fully replicated before the cell enters mitosis?

Accepted Answer

G2 checkpoint

Question 16

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene is most likely to result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division

Question 17

Which type of stem cell gives rise to both red and white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Hematopoietic stem cell

Question 18

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing cellular differentiation: pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency.

Accepted Answer

Pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -L_p (\Delta P - \sigma \Delta \pi)$$

Question 20

A cell is observed to have a large number of peroxisomes. What is the most likely function of these organelles in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of harmful substances and breakdown of reactive oxygen species

The Cellular Level of Organization: Structure and Function of Cells

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