Question 1

Which of the following best describes a key difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system responds rapidly to environmental changes using electrical impulses, while the endocrine system is slower acting and regulates long-term processes using hormones.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including weight loss, increased heart rate, and heat intolerance. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of T$$_3$$ and T$$_4$$, but low TSH. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

An autoimmune disorder such as Graves' disease causing increased thyroid hormone release

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 4

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have increased levels of ACTH and cortisol. Which feedback mechanism is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback from cortisol to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones, such as cortisol, can have long-lasting effects in the body?

Accepted Answer

They are bound to plasma proteins, have long half-lives, and act by activating genes to synthesize new proteins.

Question 6

A patient is given a synthetic glucocorticoid after a heart transplant. What is the expected effect on the levels of CRH and ACTH?

Accepted Answer

Decreased CRH; decreased ACTH

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for peptide hormones such as insulin?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and typically act through second messenger systems.

Question 8

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary target?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); targets bone, kidneys, and intestines to increase blood calcium

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

TRH $$\rightarrow$$ TSH $$\rightarrow$$ Thyroid hormones (T$$_3$$, T$$_4)$$

Question 10

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is not producing insulin. Which of the following would you expect to find in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis and ketone production

Question 11

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

A patient is found to have a deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which of the following symptoms would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia and muscle tetany

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why a first-born twin nursing at the mother's breast during delivery of the second-born twin is beneficial?

Accepted Answer

Nursing stimulates oxytocin release, which enhances uterine contractions to aid delivery.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by enhancing glucose uptake into cells and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

Question 16

A patient with Cushing's syndrome is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Moon face, buffalo hump, and immunosuppression

Question 17

Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood pressure by stimulating aldosterone release, which increases sodium and water reabsorption.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin – lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Question 20

A patient has decreased resting blood glucose values. Which of the following could cause this condition?

Accepted Answer

Both A and D (Increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion)

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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