Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid and blood, while exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and heat intolerance. Laboratory tests reveal elevated thyroid hormone levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose

Question 4

Which of the following is a hydrophobic hormone that acts by binding to intracellular receptors and altering gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 5

Which hormone is released in response to increased plasma osmolarity and acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

A patient with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 7

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex's zona glomerulosa and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na$$^+$$ and water

Question 8

Which feedback mechanism is most commonly involved in hormone regulation?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium

Question 10

A patient with low cortisol and aldosterone levels, fatigue, and low blood pressure is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Question 11

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to uterine stretch and infant suckling, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin; causes milk ejection and uterine contraction

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the mechanism of action for hydrophilic hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems.

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of long bones and muscle size?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 14

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted in response to hypocalcemia and acts on bone, kidney, and small intestine to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Increase gluconeogenesis and protein/fat breakdown

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the thymus and assists in T lymphocyte maturation?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 19

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH and stimulates sperm development in males?

Accepted Answer

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

Question 20

A patient with chronic obesity and insulin resistance is most likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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