Question 1

Which of the following best describes the location of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

In the mediastinum, between the second rib and fifth intercostal space

Question 2

What is the primary function of the right side of the heart?

Accepted Answer

To pump oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circuit

Question 3

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with valvular stenosis. What is the most likely consequence for the heart?

Accepted Answer

The heart must exert more force to pump blood through the narrowed valve

Question 5

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary veins

Question 6

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium $$\rightarrow$$ tricuspid valve $$\rightarrow$$ right ventricle $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary semilunar valve $$\rightarrow$$ pulmonary trunk $$\rightarrow$$ lungs $$\rightarrow$$ left atrium

Question 7

Which statement best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood with greater pressure through the systemic circuit

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the coronary circulation?

Accepted Answer

It provides the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

Question 9

What is the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They electrically couple adjacent cells, allowing the heart to function as a syncytium

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle uses extracellular $$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}$$ for contraction, while skeletal muscle does not

Question 11

A patient experiences a myocardial infarction. What is the most likely outcome for the affected heart tissue?

Accepted Answer

Areas of cell death are repaired with noncontractile scar tissue

Question 12

Which component of the heart's conduction system is known as the pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 13

What is the primary reason cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanic contractions?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle fibers have a longer absolute refractory period

Question 14

Which event is represented by the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

Question 15

If the SA node fails, which structure typically takes over as the pacemaker, and what is the expected heart rate?

Accepted Answer

AV node; 40-60 beats per minute

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Accepted Answer

It delays impulses to allow atrial contraction prior to ventricular contraction

Question 17

A patient presents with rapid, irregular heart contractions that are useless for pumping blood. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Fibrillation

Question 18

Which formula correctly represents the pathway of electrical excitation through the heart?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{SA node} ightarrow 	ext{AV node} ightarrow 	ext{AV bundle} ightarrow 	ext{bundle branches} ightarrow 	ext{Purkinje fibers}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of an incompetent heart valve?

Accepted Answer

Blood backflows so the heart repumps the same blood repeatedly

The Heart: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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