Q: Which equation best represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

$$3\ \mathrm{Na}^+\ \text{out},\ 2\ \mathrm{K}^+\ \text{in}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

To control and communicate information throughout the body

Question 2

A patient is unable to move their skeletal muscles voluntarily but can still digest food and maintain heart rate. Which division of the nervous system is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Somatic nervous system

Question 3

Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 4

What is the main difference between afferent and efferent nerves?

Accepted Answer

Afferent nerves carry sensory signals to the CNS; efferent nerves carry motor signals to effectors.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows for saltatory conduction, where the action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 6

A neuron at rest has a membrane potential of approximately $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}. $$Which ion plays the most important role in establishing this resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$\mathrm{K}^+)$$

Question 7

During an action potential, which event occurs immediately after the membrane depolarizes to threshold?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell

Question 8

Which of the following neurotransmitters is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Question 9

A patient is given a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase. What effect would this have at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Increased acetylcholine levels and prolonged muscle contraction

Question 10

Which of the following best describes an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

Accepted Answer

A local depolarization that brings the membrane potential closer to threshold

Question 11

Which equation best represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$3\ \mathrm{Na}^+\ 	ext{out},\ 2\ \mathrm{K}^+\ 	ext{in}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Group A nerve fibers?

Accepted Answer

They are myelinated and have the largest diameter, transmitting signals at 150 m/s

Question 13

Which of the following glial cells acts as a macrophage in the CNS, responding to infection and injury?

Accepted Answer

Microglia

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is classified as a peptide and is known to reduce pain perception?

Accepted Answer

Endorphins

Question 15

A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences slowed nerve conduction. Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) on a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It hyperpolarizes the membrane, making an action potential less likely

Question 17

Which of the following is a gasotransmitter involved in learning and memory formation, and is synthesized on demand?

Accepted Answer

Nitric oxide ($$\mathrm{NO})$$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the inside of a neuron is more negative than the outside at rest?

Accepted Answer

Potassium diffuses out of the cell more easily than sodium diffuses in

Question 19

A person drinks coffee, which contains caffeine. What is the effect of caffeine on adenosine receptors in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, promoting alertness

The Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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