$$\text{Length in } \mu\text{M} = \text{Length in meters} \times 1,000,000$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Information is stored in DNA, transcribed into RNA, and translated into protein.

Question 2

A cell in the human body needs to increase its uptake of nutrients. Which process is most likely to occur first?

Accepted Answer

Transcription of plasma membrane nutrient receptors increases.

Question 3

Which type of cell signaling involves a cell secreting signals that affect only itself?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine signaling

Question 4

In multicellular organisms, why is communication across scales a unique challenge?

Accepted Answer

Cells must coordinate activities over large distances, sometimes equivalent to hundreds of football fields.

Question 5

Which of the following is a major advantage of multicellularity?

Accepted Answer

Division of labor among specialized cells

Question 6

A hormone is released into the bloodstream and affects distant target cells. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signaling

Question 7

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 8

What is the primary function of the spindle apparatus during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

To pull apart chromatids and push apart cellular components

Question 9

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that sister chromatids are properly attached and aligned before division?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase checkpoint

Question 10

A mutation disrupts contact inhibition in a cell. What is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division, potentially leading to cancer

Question 11

Which equation best represents the conversion of cell length from meters to micrometers ($$\muM$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Length in } \mu	ext{M} = 	ext{Length in meters} 	imes 1,000,000$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a plausible reason for a cell to stop dividing?

Accepted Answer

Proper alignment of sister chromatids

Question 13

Which structure is responsible for organizing microtubules during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Centrosome

Question 14

A cell receives a signal from a neighboring cell via direct physical contact. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Juxtacrine signaling

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why cells in the human body have different anatomy and physiology despite having the same genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Differential gene expression leads to specialized cell functions

Question 16

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 17

Which process physically splits the cytoplasm into two daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis

Question 18

A cell is exposed to a local regulator that diffuses through extracellular fluid and affects nearby cells. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signaling

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct consequence of failed cell cycle checkpoints?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of cancer due to uncontrolled cell division

Question 20

Which equation describes the relationship between the number of unique cell types ($$N) $$and the complexity of multicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Complexity} \propto N$$

Transfer of Biological Information & Cell Cycle Basics (Cell Biology)

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