Q: Which of the following equations correctly calculates the Alveolar Ventilation Rate ($$AVR$$)?

$$AVR = (Tidal\ Volume - Anatomical\ Dead\ Space) \times Respiratory\ Rate$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the mucociliary escalator in the trachea?

Accepted Answer

It traps and moves inhaled particles and pathogens upward toward the pharynx for removal.

Question 2

A patient presents with a restrictive lung disorder. Which of the following findings would you expect when measuring their respiratory volumes?

Accepted Answer

Decreased vital capacity ($$VC) $$and decreased total lung capacity ($$TLC)$$

Question 3

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases, causing air to flow into the lungs.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly calculates the Alveolar Ventilation Rate ($$AVR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$AVR = (Tidal\ Volume - Anatomical\ Dead\ Space) 	imes Respiratory\ Rate$$

Question 5

A person is exposed to high altitude, where the partial pressure of oxygen ($$P_{O_2$}) is $$lower. Which of the following best explains how this affects external respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen diffusion into the blood decreases because the pressure gradient is reduced.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) in urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

It establishes a medullary osmotic gradient via the countercurrent multiplier mechanism.

Question 7

Which of the following pressures directly opposes glomerular filtration in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

A patient with severe diarrhea is found to have metabolic acidosis. Which of the following compensatory mechanisms would you expect to be activated?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to expel CO$$_2$$

Question 9

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron, thereby reducing urine output?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why hyperkalemia (elevated plasma potassium) can be life-threatening?

Accepted Answer

It disrupts cardiac electrical activity, potentially causing fatal arrhythmias.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased CO$$_2$$ levels on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH decreases, causing acidosis.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of airflow from the external nares to an alveolus?

Accepted Answer

External nares → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the main function of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

They maintain the medullary osmotic gradient by acting as countercurrent exchangers.

Question 14

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to have which of the following changes in their respiratory parameters?

Accepted Answer

Decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($$FEV_1)$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of aldosterone on electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal nephron.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why edema can occur in patients with low plasma protein levels?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma proteins lower blood colloid osmotic pressure, allowing fluid to accumulate in tissues.

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary buffer system in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 18

A patient with a blood pH of 7.25, $$pCO_2 of 50 $$mmHg, and $$HCO_3$$^-$$ of 24 mEq/L is most likely experiencing which acid-base disorder?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Decreased water reabsorption and dilute urine

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between the male and female urethra?

Accepted Answer

The male urethra is longer and transports both urine and semen.

Unit 2 Study Guide: Respiratory System, Urinary System, and Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard