Q: During bone remodeling, which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the equation representing the release of calcium from bone?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$ \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}_{\text{bone}} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}_{\text{blood}} $$

Q: Which of the following equations best represents the hydrolysis of ATP during muscle contraction?

$$ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy} $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone consists of tightly packed osteons and provides strength for weight-bearing, while spongy bone contains trabeculae and supports bone marrow.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the diaphysis of the femur. Which region of the long bone is affected, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Diaphysis; provides leverage and major weight support due to its thick layer of compact bone.

Question 3

During bone remodeling, which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the equation representing the release of calcium from bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$ \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}_{	ext{bone}} ightarrow \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}_{	ext{blood}} $$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme, while endochondral ossification replaces a cartilage model with bone.

Question 5

A 12-year-old child is experiencing rapid growth in height. Which region of the long bone is primarily responsible for this growth, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate; endochondral ossification

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts synthesize new bone matrix to form the bony callus, while osteoclasts remove damaged bone and remodel the callus.

Question 7

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed calcitonin. What is the expected effect of this hormone on bone and blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity, promoting calcium deposition in bone and lowering blood calcium levels.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction leading to muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

An action potential arrives at the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft, binds to receptors on the muscle fiber, and initiates an action potential in the sarcolemma.

Question 10

Which of the following equations best represents the hydrolysis of ATP during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy} $$

Question 11

A sprinter relies on which primary source of ATP during the first 10 seconds of a 100-meter dash?

Accepted Answer

Phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) system

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Tension is highest when there is optimal overlap between actin and myosin filaments, allowing maximal cross-bridge formation.

Question 13

Which of the following best distinguishes between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions involve a change in muscle length with constant tension, while isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length.

Question 14

A patient is unable to relax their muscles after contraction, resulting in sustained muscle tension. Which physiological process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Reuptake of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between fast and slow muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Fast fibers contract rapidly, fatigue quickly, and rely on anaerobic metabolism, while slow fibers contract slowly, resist fatigue, and rely on aerobic metabolism.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of recruitment in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Recruitment is the process of increasing the number of active motor units to produce greater muscle force.

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated.

Question 18

A patient suffers a comminuted fracture. Which of the following best describes this type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

The bone is broken into three or more pieces.

Question 19

During the recovery period after intense exercise, which process helps restore ATP levels in muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of lactic acid to glucose in the liver (Cori cycle)

Unit 2 Study Guide: Skeletal and Muscular Systems (Anatomy & Physiology)

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard