Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of blood to form a protein-free filtrate

Question 2

A patient presents with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 40 mL/min (normal average is $$125\ \mathrm{mL/min}). $$Which of the following factors is most likely to decrease GFR to this level?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = GHP - (CHP + BCOP)$$

Question 4

Which of the following substances is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 5

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which compensatory mechanism will the kidneys use to help restore acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Increase secretion of hydrogen ions ($$H^+) $$and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by increasing aquaporin channels

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct result of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the loop of Henle?

Accepted Answer

Creation of a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium

Question 8

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is found to have glucose in their urine. Which process in the nephron has been overwhelmed?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in renal physiology?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions ($$Na^+) $$and secretion of potassium ions ($$K^+) in $$the distal convoluted tubule

Question 10

Which of the following would most likely increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

Question 11

A patient is hyperventilating, causing a decrease in arterial $$PCO_2. $$What effect will this have on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH will increase, leading to alkalosis

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct normal range for bicarbonate ion ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) concentration in arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

$$22-26\ \mathrm{mEq/L}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Accepted Answer

A structure that regulates blood pressure and filtrate formation by releasing renin

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of aquaporins in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Facilitate passive movement of water across cell membranes

Question 15

A patient is diagnosed with respiratory acidosis. Which of the following is most likely to be elevated in their arterial blood?

Accepted Answer

$$PCO_2$$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of afferent arterioles, reducing GFR

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys regulate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of hydrogen ions ($$H^+) $$and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood pressure by promoting sodium and water reabsorption

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely result in metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Excessive vomiting leading to loss of gastric acid

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased plasma protein concentration on glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Decreases GFR by increasing blood colloid osmotic pressure

Urinary and Fluid Balance Systems: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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