Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) in the context of water and acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

ECF is the compartment where homeostasis primarily monitors fluid and electrolyte balance, while ICF is regulated indirectly.

Question 2

A patient presents with hyponatremia. Which hormonal response is most likely to be triggered to restore sodium balance?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of aldosterone to enhance sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 4

A patient with chronic kidney damage is most likely to develop which acid-base disorder, and why?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis, due to decreased bicarbonate reabsorption and accumulation of acids.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about buffer systems is correct?

Accepted Answer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is crucial for maintaining pH in the blood.

Question 6

If a patient’s blood pH drops to 7.0, which term best describes their condition?

Accepted Answer

Acidemia

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong acid compared to a weak acid?

Accepted Answer

A strong acid dissociates completely in solution, increasing $$[H^+]$$ more than a weak acid.

Question 8

A marathon runner collapses and is found to have lactic acidosis. Which acid-base disorder is present, and what is the likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis, due to accumulation of lactic acid from anaerobic metabolism.

Question 9

Which formula best represents the calculation of pH in a solution?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]}$$

Question 10

A patient is hyperventilating and develops hypocapnia. Which acid-base disorder is most likely, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis, due to excessive loss of CO$$_2.$$

Question 11

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys without directly affecting sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

A patient with severe vomiting is at risk for which acid-base disorder, and what is the physiological basis?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis, due to loss of gastric acids and increased bicarbonate.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why active transport cannot move water across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Water movement is driven by osmotic gradients, not by active transport mechanisms.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about compensation in acid-base disorders?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory compensation involves changes in ventilation to alter CO$$_2$$ levels.

Question 15

A patient with diabetes mellitus develops ketoacidosis. Which buffer system is most important in neutralizing the excess hydrogen ions?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the blood.

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely cause a fluid shift from the ECF to the ICF?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia, decreasing ECF osmolarity.

Question 17

Which acid-base disorder is most likely in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis, due to chronic retention of CO$$_2 ($$hypercapnia).

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the normal pH range of blood?

Accepted Answer

The normal range is 7.35–7.45, with values below 7.35 indicating acidemia.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of natriuretic peptides on water and sodium balance?

Accepted Answer

They promote sodium excretion and water loss, reducing blood volume.

Question 20

A patient with severe diarrhea is losing bicarbonate ions. Which acid-base disorder is most likely, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis, due to loss of bicarbonate and decreased buffering capacity.

Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology (Module 8: Part 3)

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard