Q: According to the central dogma of molecular biology, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which element is the third most common in living organisms, and why is it preferred over silicon for biochemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Carbon, because C-C bonds are more stable than Si-Si bonds.

Question 2

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements best explains why prokaryotic cells are more susceptible to DNA damage compared to eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, so their DNA is exposed and easily damaged.

Question 4

Which type of bond forms the backbone of RNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

Phospho-diester bond

Question 5

A scientist is studying a molecule with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that is much smaller than proteins or nucleic acids. Which class of biomolecule is she most likely investigating?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 6

During transcription, which enzyme catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of mRNA in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

mRNA carries information required for protein synthesis from DNA to ribosomes.

Question 8

Which organelle is most prominent in plant cells and is responsible for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 9

A protein destined for secretion outside the cell is first synthesized in which organelle?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is correct?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is the most common simple sugar and is stored as starch in plants.

Question 11

Which process is catalyzed by DNA polymerase during gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Replication of the genome by adding nucleotides complementary to the parent DNA.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Storing water, ions, and nutrients

Question 13

Which structure gives plant cells their rigidity and is made primarily of cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes translate mRNA into protein.

Question 15

A mutation prevents the formation of phospho-diester bonds during RNA synthesis. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

RNA molecules cannot form a stable backbone, leading to defective transcription.

Question 16

Which of the following is a major theme demonstrating the unity of life at the molecular level?

Accepted Answer

All organisms are remarkably uniform at the molecular level.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of functional RNAs?

Accepted Answer

Functional RNAs act in the cell as RNA molecules and are never made into proteins.

Question 18

Which cellular structure is responsible for further processing proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 19

A plant cell is observed to have a large organelle storing water, ions, and nutrients. Which organelle is this?

Accepted Answer

Vacuole

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why carbon is better suited for biochemical reactions than silicon?

Accepted Answer

Carbon forms stable C-C bonds, whereas Si-Si bonds are less stable.

Introduction to Biochemistry: Molecular Unity, Central Dogma, and Cellular Organization

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