Question 1

Which of the following best describes metabolism in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell, including both energy-releasing and energy-consuming processes.

Question 2

Which statement correctly distinguishes catabolic from anabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic reactions break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic reactions build molecules and consume energy.

Question 3

A ball sitting at the top of a hill possesses which type of energy, and what happens to this energy as the ball rolls down?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy, which is converted to kinetic energy as the ball rolls down.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

$$ \Delta E = Q - W $$

Question 5

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

Question 6

Which of the following best defines entropy?

Accepted Answer

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

Question 7

Which reaction is exergonic?

Accepted Answer

A reaction where $$ \Delta G \u003c 0 $$, releasing free energy.

Question 8

Which of the following equations represents the change in free energy for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$ \Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S $$

Question 9

During ATP synthesis, which process directly produces ATP in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis, where a proton gradient drives ATP synthase.

Question 10

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by:

Accepted Answer

Lowering the activation energy required for the reaction.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of competitive enzyme inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A molecule binds to the active site, preventing substrate binding.

Question 12

Allosteric regulation of enzymes involves:

Accepted Answer

Binding of a regulatory molecule to a site other than the active site, altering enzyme activity.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the overall process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.

Question 14

Which equation summarizes aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$ C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP $$

Question 15

In anaerobic respiration (fermentation) in animal cells, which product is formed from pyruvate?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid ($$ C_3H_6O_3 )$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a product of fermentation in plant cells (such as yeast)?

Accepted Answer

Ethanol ($$ C_2H_5OH )$$

Question 17

A marathon runner's muscle cells switch to anaerobic respiration during intense exercise. What is the consequence of this switch?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid accumulates, causing muscle fatigue.

Question 18

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the Second Law of Thermodynamics in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Heat released during cellular respiration increases the disorder of the surroundings.

Question 19

A scientist adds a noncompetitive inhibitor to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. What is the expected effect?

Accepted Answer

The inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, reducing the maximum reaction rate ($$ V_{max} ).$$

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the energy yield of fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation produces much less ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.

BIO 111 Study Guide: Metabolism, Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

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