{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deuterostomes and Aquatic Vertebrates"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deuterostome and Chordate Traits"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deuterostomes are a major animal clade characterized by specific embryonic development features. Chordates, a subgroup, possess four defining traits at some stage in their life cycle."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Deuterostome Features:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Radial cleavage during embryogenesis"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Blastopore forms the anus"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enterocoelous coelom formation"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Indeterminate cell fate in early development"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Echinodermata:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Marine animals with bilateral larvae and five-part radial symmetry in adults"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calcium carbonate endoskeleton"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Water vascular system operates tube feet for movement and feeding"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Feeding modes: predation, suspension, deposit, herbivory"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chordata:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Four key traits: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, muscular post-anal tail"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pharyngeal slits: feeding in invertebrates, gas exchange in aquatic vertebrates, head/neck structures in tetrapods"}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chordate Subgroups"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Group"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Traits"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Habitat Connection"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lancelets ("},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Cephalochordata"},{"type":"text","text":")"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small, mobile marine suspension feeders"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Retain chordate body plan"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tunicates ("},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Urochordata"},{"type":"text","text":")"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Marine suspension feeders with tunic and siphons"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Larvae show chordate traits; adults retain pharyngeal slits"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Craniates and Vertebrates"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Craniates:"},{"type":"text","text":" Possess a cranium protecting the brain and sensory organs"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Vertebrates:"},{"type":"text","text":" Most have a vertebral column; neural crest cells form craniofacial structures"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Major Fish Groups"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Group"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Key Distinction"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chondrichthyans"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins, placoid scales, internal fertilization"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Actinopterygii"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ray-finned bony fishes, operculum covers gills, swim bladder"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sarcopterygii"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lobe-finned fishes (lungfish, coelacanths), fleshy fins supported by bones"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Jaws:"},{"type":"text","text":" Evolved from anterior gill-arch cartilage, expanding feeding possibilities"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Paraphyletic 'Fish':"},{"type":"text","text":" Excludes tetrapods, leaving out descendants of a common ancestor"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tetrapods and Amniotes"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adaptations for Life on Land"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tetrapods evolved features for terrestrial life, including limbs with digits, a neck, and a pelvic girdle attached to the backbone. Transitional fossils like "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Tiktaalik"},{"type":"text","text":" show both fish and tetrapod traits."}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Group"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Traits"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Habitat Connection"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amphibians"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moist skin, aquatic larvae, metamorphosis"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gas exchange via skin/lungs; aquatic and terrestrial stages"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amniotes"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amniotic membranes, less permeable skin, rib-ventilated lungs"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reproduction independent of water"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reptiles"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Scales, well-developed lungs, mostly ectothermic"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Egg-laying; includes turtles, squamates, crocodilians, birds"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Birds"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Feathers, hollow bones, efficient lungs"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flight, insulation, endothermy"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mammals"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hair/fur, mammary glands, diaphragm"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Insulation, milk production, advanced ventilation"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Extraembryonic Membranes"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Membrane"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Main Role"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amnion"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Protects embryo in fluid-filled cavity"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Yolk sac"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Encloses nutrient supply"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Allantois"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stores wastes"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chorion"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Allows gas exchange"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mammal Groups and Reproduction"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Group"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Development"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monotremes"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Egg-laying (platypus, echidnas), cloaca"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Marsupials"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Young born early, develop in pouch"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Eutherians"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Young develop longer in uterus, born later"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Oviparous:"},{"type":"text","text":" Egg-laying"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Viviparous:"},{"type":"text","text":" Live-bearing"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ovoviviparous:"},{"type":"text","text":" Not defined in slides (Additional info: Ovoviviparous animals retain eggs internally until hatching, but embryos are nourished by yolk, not maternal tissue.)"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tissues and Temperature Regulation"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Levels of Organization"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Animal bodies are organized hierarchically: cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems. Structure supports function."}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tissue"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Main Functions & Examples"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Epithelial"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Closely joined cells; shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar; layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Covers body, lines organs, forms glands, regulates transfer"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Connective"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cells in extracellular matrix with fibers"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Support, binding, padding, transport (bone, cartilage, blood)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Muscle"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Contractile cells: skeletal, cardiac, smooth"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Movement (voluntary/involuntary), heart contraction"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nervous"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Neurons (dendrites, axons), glial cells"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Communication; signal reception and transmission"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Heat Source and Temperature Stability"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Term"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Key Meaning"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Endotherm"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Produces heat via metabolism (birds, mammals)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ectotherm"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Obtains heat from environment (most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Homeotherm"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Maintains constant body temperature"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Poikilotherm"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Body temperature varies"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Heat source and temperature stability are independent traits."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mechanisms of Heat Exchange"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mechanism"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"How Heat Moves"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Conduction"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Direct transfer between objects in contact"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convection"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Transfer via moving air or water"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Radiation"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Transfer without direct contact (e.g., sunlight)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Evaporation"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Heat loss as water changes from liquid to gas"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Homeostasis and Thermoregulation"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Homeostasis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Maintains internal conditions within tolerable ranges"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Negative Feedback:"},{"type":"text","text":" Sensor detects change, integrator evaluates, effector responds to oppose change"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Thermoregulation:"},{"type":"text","text":" Hypothalamus acts as integrator"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Metabolism and Nutritional Needs"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Body Size, Shape, and Exchange"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"As size increases, volume grows faster than surface area"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small animals: high surface area/volume ratio, rapid heat exchange, higher energy per gram"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Large animals: lower surface area/volume ratio, more energy overall but less per gram"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flattening, folding, branching increase exchange area (gills, intestines, capillaries)"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Metabolic Rate and Environmental Effects"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Term"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Key Information"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Metabolic Rate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rate of energy consumption; depends on size, activity, environment"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"BMR"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Basal metabolic rate (resting, fasting endotherm)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SMR"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Standard metabolic rate (resting, fasting ectotherm at set temperature)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Torpor"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reduced activity/metabolism to conserve energy"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hibernation"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Long-term torpor during winter/food scarcity"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Insulation, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, countercurrent exchange, shivering/nonshivering thermogenesis, evaporation, and behavior regulate heat"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Extreme heat disrupts proteins; cold slows enzymes"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Diets and Feeding Mechanisms"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Feeding Types"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Feeding Group"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Example/Defining Feature"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Suspension/Filter Feeding"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Captures suspended particles (baleen whale)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Deposit/Substrate Feeding"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Feeds within/on substrate (caterpillar)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fluid Feeding"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Obtains fluids (mosquito)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bulk/Mass Feeding"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consumes large pieces (snake)"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Herbivores: eat plants; carnivores: eat animals; omnivores: eat both"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mouthparts and teeth reflect diet; herbivores/omnivores have longer alimentary canals"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Essential Nutrients"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Essential nutrients:"},{"type":"text","text":" Must be obtained from food; cannot be synthesized"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Essential amino acids:"},{"type":"text","text":" Required in diet"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Vitamins:"},{"type":"text","text":" Organic, needed in small amounts, often as coenzymes"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Minerals:"},{"type":"text","text":" Elements like calcium, iron, iodine, phosphorus"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Electrolytes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Inorganic ions for osmotic balance and membrane function"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Essential fatty acids:"},{"type":"text","text":" Not explained in slides (Additional info: e.g., linoleic acid, required for cell membranes and signaling)"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Digestive Structures and Food Processing"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Food Processing Steps"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ingestion:"},{"type":"text","text":" Taking in food"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Digestion:"},{"type":"text","text":" Mechanical and chemical breakdown"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Absorption:"},{"type":"text","text":" Uptake of nutrients"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Elimination:"},{"type":"text","text":" Removal of undigested material"}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Intracellular digestion:"},{"type":"text","text":" Food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Extracellular digestion:"},{"type":"text","text":" Occurs in digestive compartments"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Gastrovascular cavity:"},{"type":"text","text":" One opening; "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Alimentary canal:"},{"type":"text","text":" Mouth and anus, specialized regions"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Human Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Function"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oral cavity"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mechanical breakdown, saliva, amylase"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pharynx"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Directs food to esophagus"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Esophagus"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Peristalsis moves food"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stomach"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stores/mixes food, gastric juice, acidic chyme"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small intestine (duodenum)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Major digestion/absorption, receives secretions"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pancreas"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enzymes, bicarbonate"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Liver"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bile production, nutrient processing"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gallbladder"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stores/releases bile"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cecum"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fermentation chamber in herbivores"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Large intestine (colon, rectum)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Water absorption, waste compaction/storage"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stomach Cells and Gastric Juice"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chief cells:"},{"type":"text","text":" Release pepsinogen (inactive)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Parietal cells:"},{"type":"text","text":" Produce HCl"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mucous cells:"},{"type":"text","text":" Protect lining"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pepsinogen activated to pepsin by acid"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Digestion and Absorption"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Food"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enzymes/Sites"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Absorbable Products"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrates"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Salivary amylase (mouth), pancreatic amylase, disaccharidases (small intestine)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharides"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proteins"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pepsin (stomach), trypsin/chymotrypsin/peptidases (small intestine)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino acids"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fats"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bile salts (emulsification), pancreatic lipase (small intestine)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fatty acids, monoglycerides"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleic acids"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pancreatic nucleases, intestinal enzymes"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bile emulsifies fat; lipase digests"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Enterokinase activates trypsinogen to trypsin; trypsin activates other enzymes"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Absorption in the Small Intestine"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Circular folds, villi, microvilli increase surface area"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Villi contain capillaries and lacteals"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sugars/amino acids enter capillaries; hepatic portal vein carries blood to liver"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fat products enter cells, form chylomicrons, enter lacteals, then lymphatic system"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Regulation of Digestion and Appetite"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hormone"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Source"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Main Action"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gastrin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stomach"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stimulates HCl release"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Secretin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small intestine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CCK"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small intestine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stimulates enzyme/bile delivery"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ghrelin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stomach wall"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Promotes hunger"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Leptin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fat tissue"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Suppresses appetite"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Insulin"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pancreas"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Suppresses appetite as blood sugar rises"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"PYY"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Intestine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Suppresses appetite after meals"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Insulin's full glucose homeostasis pathway not explained (Additional info: Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage; glucagon raises it.)"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Form and Access to Nutrients"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ruminants: microbial fermentation in rumen/reticulum, omasum removes water, abomasum is true stomach"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Birds: crop stores food, gizzard grinds"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Herbivores: enlarged ceca for fermentation"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Circulation and Heart Structure"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Open and Closed Circulation"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"System"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Key Comparison"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Open"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hemolymph bathes tissues directly; lower pressure; arthropods, clams"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Closed"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Blood stays in vessels; higher pressure; vertebrates, annelids, cephalopods"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Insects: tracheae deliver oxygen directly"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small/thin animals: direct diffusion or gastrovascular cavity"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Blood Vessels"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Vessel"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Direction"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Artery"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Away from heart"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Thick, strong walls"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Arteriole"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Small artery"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Smooth muscle, sphincters"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Capillary"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Exchange with tissues"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"One cell layer thick"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Venule"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Collects blood from capillaries"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Leads toward veins"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Vein"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"To heart"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Thinner walls, valves"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Arteries/veins named by flow direction, not oxygen content"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Blood and Lymph"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Blood: plasma (matrix), erythrocytes (hemoglobin, oxygen transport), leukocytes (immune function)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out; osmotic pressure draws fluid in"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lymphatic system returns excess fluid to veins"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Leukocyte functions not explained (Additional info: leukocytes defend against pathogens, remove debris, and mediate immune responses)"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Four-Chambered Heart and Blood Flow"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Atria receive blood; ventricles pump blood out"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Right side: pulmonary circuit (lungs); left side: systemic circuit (body)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Valves prevent backflow; "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Systole:"},{"type":"text","text":" contraction; "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Diastole:"},{"type":"text","text":" relaxation"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SA node initiates signal; AV node delays; signal spreads via gap junctions"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Blood Flow Pathway:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Body → venae cavae → right atrium → right AV valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body"}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fish: single circulation; birds/mammals: double circulation, four-chambered heart"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gas Exchange and Respiratory Structures"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stages Linking Air/Water to Cells"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stage"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Associated Structures/Process"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ventilation"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Movement of air/water over respiratory surfaces (mouth, operculum, tracheae, airways)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colw