Question 1

Which of the following best describes a hydrocarbon?

Accepted Answer

A molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 2

Which type of isomer has the same covalent bonds but differs in spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds?

Accepted Answer

Geometric (cis-trans) isomers

Question 3

Enantiomers are important in biology because:

Accepted Answer

Organisms often use only one enantiomer of a molecule, which can affect drug effectiveness and safety.

Question 4

Which functional group is found in all amino acids and is responsible for their acidic properties?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 5

A dehydration reaction is important in the synthesis of biological polymers because:

Accepted Answer

It removes a water molecule, forming a new covalent bond between monomers.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a polymer?

Accepted Answer

Lipid

Question 7

What is the covalent bond called that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic linkage

Question 8

Which of the following is a six-carbon sugar (hexose)?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 9

Which process is responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 10

Which of the following statements about starch is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Starch is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants.

Question 11

A patient is prescribed thalidomide, which exists as two enantiomers. Why is it important to consider the specific enantiomer given?

Accepted Answer

One enantiomer can be therapeutic while the other can cause severe birth defects.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct formula for a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 13

Which functional group is present in both estradiol and testosterone, but arranged differently to give each molecule its unique biological properties?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$-OH)$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of consuming high amounts of fructose, as found in processed foods?

Accepted Answer

It can promote bad cholesterol and increase risk of liver disease.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why glucose and galactose are considered structural isomers?

Accepted Answer

They have the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of atoms.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of a dehydration reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that joins two monomers by removing a water molecule.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Serving as fuel and building material.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about polysaccharides is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Their structure and function are determined by the types of sugar monomers and glycosidic linkages.

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct result of the conversion of 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal in the human eye?

Accepted Answer

Light detection and initiation of the visual cycle.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between cis and trans isomers?

Accepted Answer

Cis isomers have substituents on the same side of a double bond, while trans isomers have them on opposite sides.

Carbon and Biological Molecules: Structure and Function

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