Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic variability?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetically variable gametes due to crossing over and independent assortment.

Question 2

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, and what is the significance of this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; it ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with 46 chromosomes undergoing cell division. After division, each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes. Which process has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 4

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that the DNA has been completely and accurately replicated before mitosis begins?

Accepted Answer

G2 checkpoint

Question 5

A mutation occurs in the gene encoding the enzyme that adds sugar molecules to glycoproteins on red blood cells. Which human trait could be directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Blood type

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of possible gamete combinations due to independent assortment, given $$n$$ pairs of chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

$$2^n$$

Question 7

A woman with genotype $$X^hX^h ($$where $$h is $$the allele for hemophilia) and a man with genotype $$X^HY ($$where $$H is $$the normal allele) have a child. What is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

100%

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why telomeres are important for chromosome stability?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the loss of genes at the ends of chromosomes during DNA replication.

Question 9

A cell is observed to have a cleavage furrow forming during cytokinesis. What type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Animal cell

Question 10

Which of the following mutations is most likely to result in a frameshift in the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Insertion of a single nucleotide

Question 11

Which process is used in biotechnology to amplify a specific segment of DNA for analysis?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 12

A child is born with three copies of chromosome 21. Which condition does this child have?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base pairs forming the rungs

Question 14

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 15

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants ($$YyRr 	imes YyRr$$), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring for seed color and seed shape?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of pleiotropy?

Accepted Answer

A single gene affecting both eye color and skin pigmentation

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Producing insulin in bacteria for diabetes treatment

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why sickle cell anemia is considered a recessive genetic disorder?

Accepted Answer

It only manifests when an individual inherits two copies of the mutated allele.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template.

Cell Division, Genetics, and Biotechnology: Core Concepts in General Biology

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