Question 1

Which of the following best explains why most cells are microscopic in size?

Accepted Answer

Smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which facilitates efficient exchange of materials with the environment. $$	ext{Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio} = \frac{	ext{Surface Area}}{	ext{Volume}}$$

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the structure of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell. Which type of microscopy should they use?

Accepted Answer

Electron microscopy, because ribosomes are smaller than the resolution limit of light microscopes.

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells, and what is the main process it uses?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; it uses cellular respiration to produce ATP. $$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

Which of the following structures is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes, which synthesize proteins from mRNA templates.

Question 5

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional lysosomes. Which cellular process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Degradation of macromolecules and cellular waste, leading to accumulation of damaged organelles.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selective barrier, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 7

A cell is observed to have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell, because these structures are characteristic of plant cells.

Question 8

Which organelle is primarily responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus, which processes proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and nucleus.

Question 10

A researcher is studying a cell with the following features: DNA enclosed in a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. What type of cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell, because it contains membrane-bound organelles.

Question 11

Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells, and what is the overall chemical equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast; $$6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow 	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2$$

Question 12

Which cell structure provides structural support and mediates cell signaling in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Extracellular matrix, which consists of proteins and polysaccharides outside the plasma membrane.

Question 13

A cell is observed under a microscope and found to be approximately 1–10 $$\mum in $$size, lacking a nucleus but containing ribosomes. What type of cell is this?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell, because it lacks a nucleus and is within the typical size range.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of tight junctions in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They prevent leakage of extracellular fluid between adjacent cells.

Question 15

Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

Question 16

A cell is exposed to a toxin that disrupts the function of its plasma membrane. Which of the following consequences is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Impaired regulation of substance movement, leading to loss of homeostasis.

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 18

Which organelle is involved in protein synthesis and is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome, which translates mRNA into polypeptides.

Question 19

A cell is observed to have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

High levels of protein synthesis, as rough ER is studded with ribosomes.

Cell Structure and Function: A Tour of the Cell

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