Question 1

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic cells are able to carry out more complex chemical reactions than prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that compartmentalize reactions, increasing efficiency and separation of incompatible reactions.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a cell with the following characteristics: a single circular DNA molecule, ribosomes, and a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. Which type of organism is this cell most likely from?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cell

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The RER is covered with ribosomes and modifies proteins after they are made.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They pump protons to lower the internal pH and contain enzymes that digest macromolecules.

Question 5

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional microtubules. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Movement of vesicles within the cell

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct statement about the laws of thermodynamics as they apply to biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but the total energy remains constant.

Question 7

During ATP hydrolysis, which of the following best describes the energy changes that occur?

Accepted Answer

Energy is released as the terminal phosphate bond is broken, resulting in an exergonic reaction.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the change in free energy ($$\Delta G) $$for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 9

A reaction has a negative $$\Delta G$$ value. Which of the following statements is true about this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is exergonic and will proceed spontaneously.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required to reach the transition state.

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall composed of cellulose. Which of the following is most likely true about this cell?

Accepted Answer

It is a plant cell.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles for delivery to their final destination

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides shape, stability, and organizes transport within the cell.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about metabolic pathways is correct?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions that build up or break down molecules, often involving intermediates.

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of drugs and synthesis of lipids

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Vesicles bud from the Golgi apparatus, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the specificity of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

Accepted Answer

Each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction due to the unique shape of its active site.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between exergonic and endergonic reactions in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Exergonic reactions release free energy and can be coupled to drive endergonic reactions.

Question 19

A researcher measures the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction at increasing substrate concentrations and observes that the rate eventually plateaus. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?

Accepted Answer

All enzyme active sites are occupied, showing saturation kinetics.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria generate ATP through processes that include the electron transport chain and have their own DNA.

Cell Structure, Function, and Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions: Study Notes for General Biology

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