Question 1

Which of the following best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

According to the endosymbiosis theory, which evidence supports the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They have double membranes and DNA similar to prokaryotes.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents Gibbs free energy change for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$

Question 5

A reaction in a cell releases energy and has a negative $$\Delta G. $$Which type of reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Exergonic

Question 6

Which factor does NOT directly affect enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

Cell membrane composition

Question 7

During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP and NADH per molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 8

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

In the absence of oxygen, which process allows cells to regenerate NAD$$^+$$ for glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport chain

Question 11

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$

Question 12

Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane and produces ATP and NADPH?

Accepted Answer

Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 13

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

To fix CO$$_2$$ into glucose

Question 14

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching CO$$_2 to $$RuBP in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

RuBisCO

Question 15

C4 and CAM plants have adaptations to minimize photorespiration. Which statement best describes CAM plant adaptation?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$ fixation occurs at night, Calvin cycle during the day.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 17

A scientist isolates a cell with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 18

Which statement about potential and kinetic energy in chemical reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is released as kinetic energy during reactions.

Question 19

If an enzyme is exposed to extreme heat, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme will denature and lose its function.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why plants, animals, and fungi are classified as eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

They possess a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: Study Notes for General Biology

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