Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Accepted Answer

They contain double membranes and their own DNA, similar to prokaryotic cells.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a cell with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids, and packaging them for transport?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the Gibbs free energy change for a chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$$

Question 5

During cellular respiration, which stage directly produces the most ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction.

Question 7

A plant cell is exposed to extreme heat, causing its enzymes to denature. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Cellular reactions slow down or stop due to loss of enzyme function.

Question 8

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules from one glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 9

In photosynthesis, which phase uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO$$_2$$ into sugars?

Accepted Answer

Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions)

Question 10

Which adaptation allows CAM plants to minimize photorespiration?

Accepted Answer

Temporal separation of CO$$_2$$ fixation at night and Calvin cycle during the day

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain

Question 12

Which of the following is true about exergonic reactions?

Accepted Answer

They release energy and have a negative $$\Delta G.$$

Question 13

A muscle cell is deprived of oxygen. Which metabolic pathway will it use to continue producing ATP?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 14

Which organelle is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the fixation of CO$$_2 to $$RuBP.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 17

Which statement correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 18

Which process in photosynthesis produces ATP and NADPH?

Accepted Answer

Light-dependent reactions

Question 19

A cell is placed in a solution with a very low pH. What is the most likely effect on its enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme activity will decrease due to denaturation.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

ATP is consumed to phosphorylate glucose.

Cell Structure, Function, and Metabolic Pathways: General Biology Study Notes

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