$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why most cells are small in size?

Accepted Answer

Small cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which facilitates efficient exchange of nutrients and waste.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with a single circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelles, and a cell wall. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a property shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Membrane-bound nucleus

Question 5

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump is an example of which type of transport?

Accepted Answer

Direct active transport

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure of double-helical DNA?

Accepted Answer

Two antiparallel strands with complementary base pairing, forming a right-handed helix.

Question 7

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to self-regulate. Which disease is most likely to result from this failure?

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Question 8

Which of the following stem cell types is capable of giving rise to any cell type in the human body, including placental cells?

Accepted Answer

Totipotent stem cells

Question 9

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the endosymbiont theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from smaller prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes.

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins for secretion

Question 12

Which of the following base pairing rules is correct according to Chargaff's rules?

Accepted Answer

$$[A] = [T]$$ and $$[G] = [C]$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining osmotic balance by regulating sodium ion concentration outside the cell

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the formation of 3',5' phosphodiester bonds. Which cellular process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates cell differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A stem cell in bone marrow develops into a red blood cell filled with hemoglobin.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells?

Accepted Answer

Reprogramming differentiated cells to treat inherited diseases such as sickle cell anemia

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between potential and kinetic energy in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy is stored energy due to position, while kinetic energy is energy of motion, such as ion movement across membranes.

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of a cell having a low surface area-to-volume ratio?

Accepted Answer

Reduced ability to exchange substances with the environment, leading to inefficient metabolism

Cells, Organelles, and Bioenergetics: Foundations of Cellular Biology

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