Question 1

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered evidence for the endosymbiont theory?

Accepted Answer

They have their own double membranes, circular DNA, and free ribosomes, similar to prokaryotes.

Question 2

A scientist observes a eukaryotic cell with a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis and export of proteins

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration that occurs in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Question 4

A plant cell is observed to have a large number of peroxisomes. Which of the following is a likely function of these organelles in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances

Question 5

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules

Question 6

A mutation disrupts the function of integrins in an animal cell. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Attachment of the cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It packages, modifies, and sorts proteins and lipids for delivery.

Question 8

Which of the following structures allows direct cytoplasmic exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata

Question 9

A liver cell is exposed to high levels of alcohol. Which organelle is most likely to increase in number to help detoxify the alcohol?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisomes

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why animal cells do not burst in hypotonic solutions, while plant cells are protected by their cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have a cell wall that provides structural support and prevents excessive expansion.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of organelles involved in the synthesis, modification, and export of a secreted protein?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Plasma membrane

Question 13

A cell is observed to have a defective nuclear lamina. Which cytoskeletal component is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They digest macromolecules and recycle cellular components.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a tight junction in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

The lining of the small intestine preventing leakage of digestive enzymes

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the primary and secondary cell wall in plants?

Accepted Answer

The secondary cell wall is deposited inside the primary wall and provides additional strength.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of microfilaments in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural support and are involved in cell movement and muscle contraction.

Question 18

During alcohol breakdown in the liver, which of the following is a product generated by peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

Acetate

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are often called the 'powerhouse of the cell'?

Accepted Answer

They convert energy stored in glucose into ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support, helps cells sense external signals, and transmits information to the nucleus.

Cellular Organization: Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cells

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