Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

During DNA replication, new nucleotides are added to which end of the growing DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3' hydroxyl group

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 4

A mutation changes a codon from 5'-GAG-3' to 5'-GTG-3' in the coding strand of DNA. What is the likely effect on the protein product?

Accepted Answer

The protein will have a different amino acid at that position, possibly altering function.

Question 5

Which of the following sequences is the correct start codon for translation?

Accepted Answer

5'-AUG-3'

Question 6

If the mRNA sequence is 5'-GUC-3', which amino acid will be incorporated during translation? Use the codon table.

Accepted Answer

Valine

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the directionality of nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the codon on mRNA.

Question 9

A mutation in the promoter region of a gene would most likely affect which process?

Accepted Answer

Transcription initiation

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding the coding and template strands of DNA during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The coding strand has the same sequence as the mRNA (except T for U).

Question 11

During translation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA in which direction?

Accepted Answer

5' to 3'

Question 12

Which of the following codons signals the termination of translation?

Accepted Answer

UAA

Question 13

If a DNA template strand has the sequence 3'-TAC-5', what is the corresponding mRNA codon?

Accepted Answer

5'-AUG-3'

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the leading and lagging strands are synthesized differently during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end, so one strand is synthesized continuously and the other discontinuously.

Question 15

A point mutation changes a codon but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 16

Which of the following amino acids is encoded by the mRNA codon 5'-AGC-3'? Use the codon table.

Accepted Answer

Serine

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis during translation?

Accepted Answer

It forms a peptide bond between two amino acids, releasing a molecule of water.

Question 18

If the mRNA sequence is 5'-AUG-GUA-AGA-3', what is the sequence of amino acids produced?

Accepted Answer

Methionine-Valine-Arginine

Question 19

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

A completely different amino acid sequence downstream of the mutation

Question 20

Which of the following statements about peptide bonds is correct?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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