Question 1

Which scientist's work was crucial in providing the clearest image of DNA, known as Photo 51, which led to the discovery of the double helix structure?

Accepted Answer

Rosalind Franklin

Question 2

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

To encode information for protein synthesis

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A double helix with complementary antiparallel strands

Question 4

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 5

If a DNA strand has the sequence 5'-ATGCGT-3', what is the complementary sequence on the antiparallel strand?

Accepted Answer

3'-TACGCA-5'

Question 6

Which of the following is a purine base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Guanine

Question 7

A mutation that changes one nucleotide in a gene, resulting in a different amino acid in the protein, is called:

Accepted Answer

Substitution

Question 8

Which process describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Central Dogma of Biology

Question 9

Given four different nucleotides, how many possible codons can be formed using a three-nucleotide code?

Accepted Answer

$$4^3 = 64$

Question 10

Which type of mutation is most likely to cause a frameshift in the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Insertion

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia. Which type of mutation is responsible for this disease?

Accepted Answer

A substitution mutation in the hemoglobin gene

Question 12

Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 13

What is the role of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a template for assembling amino acids into a protein

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a three-nucleotide codon is necessary to encode all 20 amino acids?

Accepted Answer

A two-nucleotide code only provides $$4^2 = 16$ combinations, which is insufficient

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of genes?

Accepted Answer

Providing energy for cellular respiration

Question 16

If a mutation causes the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

A frameshift mutation altering the reading frame

Question 17

Which statement about DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

Replication occurs in the 5' to 3' direction on both strands

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a codon?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid

Question 19

Which of the following mutations would most likely result in a nonfunctional protein?

Accepted Answer

A frameshift mutation caused by insertion or deletion

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of a disease caused by a single nucleotide substitution?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

DNA Structure, Function, and Genetic Information: Study Notes for General Biology

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