Question 1

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases energy and has a negative $$\Delta G$$

Question 2

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of potential energy in a biological system?

Accepted Answer

A glucose molecule storing chemical energy in its bonds

Question 4

How do enzymes affect the activation energy and free energy ($$\Delta G) of a $$chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy but do not change $$\Delta G$$

Question 5

A scientist increases the concentration of substrate in an enzymatic reaction, but the reaction rate plateaus. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

All enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and bind to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind elsewhere and change enzyme shape

Question 7

During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

Question 8

In aerobic cellular respiration, what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and what is formed as a result?

Accepted Answer

O$$_2$$; H$$_2O$$

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches the stage of cellular respiration with its location in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain – inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 10

Why does anaerobic respiration produce less ATP than aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration uses an alternative final electron acceptor, resulting in less efficient ATP production

Question 11

What is the main purpose of fermentation in cells?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue

Question 12

During chemiosmosis in mitochondria, what is pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and what is the result?

Accepted Answer

Protons (H$$^+) $$are pumped, creating a gradient used to drive ATP synthesis

Question 13

Which of the following statements about photosynthetic pigments is correct?

Accepted Answer

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light

Question 14

In the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is the source of electrons for photosystem II (PSII)?

Accepted Answer

Water ($$H_2O)$$

Question 15

What is the main function of the enzyme RUBISCO in the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

To fix carbon dioxide by attaching it to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why photorespiration is considered wasteful for plants?

Accepted Answer

It consumes oxygen and releases CO$$_2$$ without producing sugars

Question 17

Which of the following is a primary producer in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

A grass plant

Question 18

In C4 and CAM plants, what adaptation helps minimize photorespiration?

Accepted Answer

They spatially or temporally separate carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the flow of electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

From water to NADP$$^+$$, forming NADPH

Question 20

A patient is unable to produce sufficient ATP in their mitochondria. Which of the following is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Energy, Metabolism, Respiration, and Photosynthesis Study Guide

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