Q: In a population of mice, the frequency of allele $$A is$$ $$0.7$$ and the frequency of allele $$a is$$ $$0.3. $$Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$Aa$$)?

$$ 2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42 $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of evolution by natural selection as proposed by Darwin?

Accepted Answer

Populations evolve over generations as heritable variations that increase fitness become more common.

Question 2

Which line of evidence for evolution provides information about intermediate forms and approximate dates of evolutionary events?

Accepted Answer

Fossil record

Question 3

Why is the statement 'Antibiotics have created drug resistance' incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics select for pre-existing resistant bacteria, rather than creating resistance.

Question 4

If a new antibiotic like teixobactin is introduced to treat MRSA, what is the most likely evolutionary outcome?

Accepted Answer

Some MRSA cells will be naturally resistant to teixobactin and will become more prevalent due to selection.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for natural selection to occur in a population?

Accepted Answer

All individuals must have identical genotypes

Question 6

Which of the following best defines 'inclusive fitness'?

Accepted Answer

The reproductive success of an individual plus the effects of its actions on the reproductive success of close relatives.

Question 7

According to Hamilton's Rule, altruistic behavior is favored when:

Accepted Answer

$$ rB - C \u003e 0 $$

Question 8

Which of the following is the ultimate source of new heritable genetic variation in populations?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 9

A base-pair substitution in a non-coding region of DNA is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Be a heritable genetic change that may or may not affect phenotype.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between a population and a species?

Accepted Answer

A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area and interbreeding, while a species is a group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios is an example of inter-sexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Female birds choosing mates based on the brightness of their plumage.

Question 12

In a population of mice, the frequency of allele $$A is$$ $$0.7$$ and the frequency of allele $$a is$$ $$0.3. $$Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes ($$Aa$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$ 2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42 $$

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an example of heritable genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

A protein translated incorrectly from the DNA template.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why sexual selection can lead to sexual dimorphism?

Accepted Answer

Sexual selection favors traits that increase mating success, often resulting in differences between males and females.

Question 15

In kin selection, which pair of relatives would have the highest coefficient of relatedness ($$r) as a $$target of altruism?

Accepted Answer

Parent and offspring

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a direct observation providing evidence for evolution?

Accepted Answer

The increase in frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals over time.

Question 17

Which process is most likely to decrease genetic variation in a small population due to random chance?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between natural selection and evolution?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is a process that can cause evolution by changing allele frequencies in a population.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of cost/benefit analysis in animal behavior shaped by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A bird choosing to spend more time foraging in a safer area, even if food is less abundant, to reduce predation risk.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about heritable variation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Heritable variation arises from genetic differences that can be passed to offspring.

Evolution and Natural Selection: Evidence and Applications

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