Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'descent with modification' as proposed by Darwin?

Accepted Answer

All life is connected by common ancestry, and descendants accumulate adaptations to changing environments over time.

Question 2

A population of insects is exposed to a pesticide. After several generations, most individuals are resistant to the pesticide. Which mechanism of evolution does this scenario illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 3

Which of the following is the ultimate source of genetic variation in populations?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 4

Why is genetic diversity important for the survival of a species in changing environments?

Accepted Answer

It increases the likelihood that some individuals possess traits that confer a selective advantage.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a key observation made by Darwin that led to his theory of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

All individuals in a population are genetically identical.

Question 6

Which equation is used to test whether a population is evolving, assuming allele and genotype frequencies remain constant under certain conditions?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 7

A population of 10,000 babies is born in the United States, and 1 is born with phenylketonuria (PKU), a recessive genetic disorder. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the frequency of the recessive allele ($$q$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$q = \sqrt{1/10,000}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a homologous structure?

Accepted Answer

The forelimb bones of a human and a whale

Question 9

Which evolutionary mechanism is most likely responsible for a loss of genetic diversity after a natural disaster drastically reduces population size?

Accepted Answer

Bottleneck effect

Question 10

Which type of selection favors individuals with intermediate phenotypes and reduces variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing selection

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major public health concern?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic resistance can spread rapidly due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

The wings of a honeybee and the wings of a bird

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the maintenance of stable frequencies of two or more phenotypes in a population?

Accepted Answer

Balancing selection

Question 14

Which of the following statements about evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

Populations evolve over generations.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of disruptive selection?

Accepted Answer

A population of birds where both very small and very large beaks are favored due to two distinct food sources.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Strong natural selection

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A few individuals colonize a new habitat, resulting in a population with reduced genetic diversity.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Farmers breeding cows that produce more milk.

Question 19

Which of the following is a vestigial structure in humans?

Accepted Answer

The appendix

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why populations, not individuals, evolve?

Accepted Answer

Evolution is a change in allele frequencies within a population over generations.

Evolution: How Populations Evolve (Campbell Biology Ch13 Study Notes)

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