Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reactions build polymers by removing water, while hydrolysis reactions break down polymers by adding water.

Question 2

Methane ($$CH_4) $$and ethene ($$C_2H_4) $$are both organic molecules. Which statement correctly explains why water ($$H_2O) is $$not considered an organic compound?

Accepted Answer

Water does not contain carbon, which is required for a compound to be organic.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 4

A scientist discovers a cell with a singular circular chromosome, no nucleus, and ribosomes. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 5

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the transformation of energy in eukaryotic cells, and what process does it perform?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; cellular respiration

Question 6

Which of the following statements about protein structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of an isomer?

Accepted Answer

Two molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements

Question 8

A protein loses its function after being exposed to high heat. What is the most likely explanation for this loss of function?

Accepted Answer

The protein underwent denaturation, losing its 3D structure.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiont theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Question 10

Which of the following macromolecules is primarily responsible for storing genetic information in cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a large central vacuole, a cell wall, and chloroplasts. Which type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents the dehydration reaction that forms a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11} + H_2O$

Question 13

Which of the following organelles is responsible for receiving, sorting, and distributing chemical products in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 14

Which of the following statements about amino acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form proteins.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why proteins can have such diverse functions in cells?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have a wide variety of amino acid sequences and complex 3D structures.

Question 16

A cell is observed to have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but no membrane-bound organelles. Which domain does this cell most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the lysosome in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Digesting macromolecules using hydrolytic enzymes

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the plasma membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

The ER is responsible for manufacturing and distributing cellular products.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about polysaccharides is correct?

Accepted Answer

Polysaccharides are polymers made up of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

Fundamental Concepts in General Biology: Biomolecules, Cell Structure, and Function

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