Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between an aldose and a ketose sugar?

Accepted Answer

Aldoses have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketoses have it within the chain.

Question 2

How do the alpha ($$\alpha) $$and beta ($$\beta) $$anomers of glucose differ structurally?

Accepted Answer

The position of the hydroxyl group on carbon 1: $$\alpha$$ has it below the ring, $$\beta$$ has it above.

Question 3

Which of the following is a triose sugar?

Accepted Answer

Glyceraldehyde

Question 4

Which statement correctly describes the difference between starch and glycogen?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen has more frequent $$\alpha-1$$,6 glycosidic branches than starch.

Question 5

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 6

What is the main function of the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 7

Which of the following molecules can pass most easily through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Small nonpolar molecules like $$\mathrm{O_2$}$$

Question 8

Which process requires energy input to move molecules against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a hypertonic solution?

Accepted Answer

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to leave the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a component of a chloroplast?

Accepted Answer

Cristae

Question 11

Which macromolecule is identified by the presence of peptide bonds?

Accepted Answer

Protein

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modification and sorting of proteins

Question 13

Which type of lipid is most abundant in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids

Question 14

Which statement about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, causing kinks in their structure.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why glucose is a good source of energy for cells?

Accepted Answer

Its oxidation releases energy that can be captured in ATP.

Question 16

Which organelle is responsible for detoxification and lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

Question 17

Which of the following is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants?

Accepted Answer

Starch

Question 18

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via a membrane protein, without energy input.

Question 20

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic to their blood cells. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cells, causing them to swell and possibly burst.

General Biology: Biomolecules, Cell Structure, and Membrane Transport Study Guide

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