Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It is responsible for the synthesis and initial folding of proteins destined for secretion or for use in the cell membrane.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a protein that is secreted from pancreatic cells. Which organelle is most directly involved in packaging this protein for export out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads interact with water, while their hydrophobic tails avoid water.

Question 4

During cellular respiration, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP synthase?

Accepted Answer

It uses the proton motive force to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 6

A mutation causes a defect in the enzyme that forms glycosidic linkages. Which class of biomolecules would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It produces $$CO_2$$, NADH, $$FADH_2$, and ATP (or GTP) as products.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder that impairs the electron transport chain. Which of the following would most likely be observed in this patient’s cells?

Accepted Answer

Increased production of lactic acid due to reliance on fermentation.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the relationship between NADH and ATP production during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain, which leads to the generation of a proton gradient used to produce ATP.

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios would most likely increase the rate of gas exchange in the alveoli of human lungs?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the partial pressure difference of $$O_2$$ between alveolar air and blood.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why ATP is considered the 'energy currency' of the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy that can be coupled to drive endergonic cellular reactions.

Question 12

A researcher adds a chemical that inhibits Complex IV of the electron transport chain. What is the most immediate effect on cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Electron flow through the electron transport chain stops, and ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation decreases.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary structure in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids, while secondary structure refers to local folding patterns such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of chemiosmosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants in hot, dry environments?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants spatially separate carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle, reducing photorespiration.

Question 16

Which of the following bonds is responsible for linking two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic linkage

Question 17

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which term best describes the solution relative to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of macromolecules and recycling of cellular components

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the mitochondrial matrix in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It is where the citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation occur.

Question 20

A patient has a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Which biological molecule would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids

General Biology: Biomolecules, Cell Structure, Cellular Respiration, and Gas Exchange

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard